Filed Sep 25, 2025145,102 vehiclesBMW of North America, LLC
Defect. BMW of North America, LLC (BMW) is recalling certain 2020 340I, X6, 2020-2025 840I, 2020-2022 740LI, 2019-2020 X7, and X5 vehicles. After repeated attempts, the starter motor may overheat from an electrical overload.
Risk. An overheated starter motor can ignite nearby combustible material in the engine compartment, increasing the risk of a fire.
Remedy. Dealers will replace the engine starter, free of charge. This recall includes vehicles repaired under recall 24V576 and those owners will need to have their vehicle repaired again. Owner notification letters were mailed February 9, 2026. Owners may contact BMW customer service at 1-800-525-7417. Vehicle Identification Numbers (VINs) involved in this recall became searchable on NHTSA.gov November 17, 2025.
Engine and Engine Cooling › Engine › Engine Control Module (ecu/Ecm) › Software24V576000
Filed Aug 1, 2024105,588 vehiclesBMW of North America, LLC
Defect. BMW of North America, LLC is recalling certain 2019-2020 X5, X7, 2020 3 Series Sedan, X6, 2020-2021 7 Series Sedan, 2020 8 Series Convertible, 8 Series Coupe, and 2020 8 Series Gran Coupe vehicles. Please see the recall report for the complete list of models. In the event the starter motor fails, repeated attempts to start the vehicle can cause the starter motor to overheat from an electrical overload.
Risk. A starter motor that overheats can ignite nearby combustible material in the engine compartment, increasing the risk of a fire.
Remedy. Dealers will update the vehicle software, free of charge. Owner notification letters were mailed September 27, 2024. Owners may contact BMW customer service at 1-800-525-7417.
Filed Apr 20, 202261,221 vehiclesBMW of North America, LLC
Defect. BMW of North America, LLC (BMW) is recalling certain 2022 4 Series Gran Coupe (430i, 430i xDrive, M440i xDrive); 2019-2022 X5 sDrive40i, X5 xDrive40i, X5 xDrive50i, X5 M50i, X5M; 2021-2022 X5 xdrive45e; 2020-2022 X6 sDrive40i, X6 xDrive40i, X6 xDrive50i, X6M and 2019-2023 X7 xDrive40i, X7 xDrive50i, X7 M50i, X7 xDrive60i, X7 M60i, X7M, Alpina XB7 vehicles. The roof function control unit may be programmed incorrectly, allowing the sunroof to close without the key fob present inside the vehicle. As such, these vehicles fail to comply with the requirements of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard number 118, "Power-Operated Window Systems."
Risk. A sunroof that closes without the key fob present inside the vehicle can increase the risk of injury.
Remedy. Dealers will reprogram the roof function control unit, free of charge. Owner notification letters were mailed June 20, 2022. Owners may contact BMW customer service at 1-800-525-7417.
Electrical System › Instrument Cluster/Panel21V520000
Filed Jul 8, 20211 vehiclesBMW of North America, LLC
Defect. BMW of North America, LLC (BMW) is recalling one 2019 X5 xDrive 40i vehicle. The instrument panel may not have been manufactured correctly, which could prevent the passenger side air bag from deploying properly in a crash.
Risk. An air bag that does not deploy properly can increase the risk of injury in a crash.
Remedy. A dealer will replace the instrument panel, free of charge. Owner notification letters were mailed on July 26, 2021. Owners may contact BMW customer service at 1-800-525-7417.
Filed Feb 19, 202113,858 vehiclesBMW of North America, LLC
Defect. BMW of North America, LLC (BMW) is recalling certain 2019-2021 X3 sDrive30i, X3 xDrive30i, X3 M40i, X3M, X4 xDrive30i, X4 M40i, M550i, X4M, X5 sDrive40i, X5 xDrive40i, X5 xDrive50i, X5M, X5 M50i, X7 xDrive40i, X7 xDrive50i, X7 M50i, Alpina XB7, 330i, 330i xDrive, M340i, M340i xDrive, and 8 Series Coupe, Convertible and Grand Coupe, 840i, 840i xDrive, M850i xDrive, M8, 2020-2021 530e, 530e xDrive, 330e, 330e xDrive, 745Le, 745Le xDrive, X5 xDrive45e, X3 xDrive30e, X6 sDrive40i, X6 xDrive40i, X6 xDrive50i, X6 M50i, X6M, 530i, 530i xDrive, 540i, 540i xDrive, M550i xDrive, M5, 740i, 740Li, 740Li xDrive, M760i Drive, M760Li xDrive, 750Li xDrive Alpina, Alpina B7 xDrive, and 2021 4 Series Coupe 430i, 430i xDrive, M440i xDrive vehicles. When shifting into Reverse, a small portion of the rearview image may be obscured, or the screen may not illuminate. As such, these vehicles fail to comply with the requirements of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) number 111, "Rear Visibility."
Risk. If the driver relies on only the rearview camera image, the missing or reduced rearview image view can increase the risk of a crash or injury.
Remedy. BMW will notify owners, and dealers will inspect the rearview camera software and update it if necessary, free of charge. The recall began April 16, 2021. Owners may contact BMW customer service at 1-800-525-7417.
Service Brakes, Hydraulic › Power Assist › Hydraulic21V062000
Filed Feb 10, 2021893 vehiclesBMW of North America, LLC
Defect. BMW of North America, LLC (BMW) is recalling certain 2020-2021 8 Series Coupe, Grand Coupe and convertible 840i, 840i xDrive, M850i xDrive, M8 and 740 Li, 740 Li xDrive, 750 Li xDrive, M760 Li xDrive, X6 sDrive40i, X6 xDrive40i, X6 xdrive50i, X6 M50i, X6M, and 2019-2021 X5 sDrive40i, X5 xDrive40i, X5 xDrive50i, X5 M50i, X5M, X7 xDrive40i, X7 xDrive50i, X7 M50i, and 2021 M3, M3 Competition, M4 Coupe, M4 Competition Coupe, X5 xDrive45e, 745 Le xDrive. The rotor and shaft within the integrated brake system may not have been welded properly and could separate during a hard braking event, possibly resulting in a loss of the Antilock Brake System (ABS) and braking assistance.
Risk. A loss of ABS and a reduction in braking assistance can increase the risk of a crash.
Remedy. BMW will notify owners, and dealers will replace the integrated brake system, free of charge. Owner notification letters were mailed on May 25, 2021. Owners may contact BMW customer service at 1-800-525-7417.
Filed Jul 28, 20207 vehiclesBMW of North America, LLC
Defect. BMW of North America, LLC (BMW) is recalling certain 2019-2020 X5 sDrive40i, X5 xDrive40i and X5 xDrive50i vehicles and 2020 X6M vehicles. The steering column shaft bearing plate may not have been properly attached to the vehicle, allowing it to loosen.
Risk. A loose bearing plate can affect the vehicle's handling and control, increasing the risk of a crash.
Remedy. BMW will notify owners, and dealers will inspect the steering column shaft bearing plate and properly attach or replace it, as necessary, free of charge. BMW telephoned owners and all of the vehicles have been remedied. No owner notification letter is necessary. Please contact BMW customer service at 1-800-525-7417.
Back Over Prevention › Sensing System › Camera19V684000
Filed Sep 27, 2019257,473 vehiclesBMW of North America, LLC
Defect. BMW of North America, LLC (BMW) is recalling certain 2018 540d, 2018-2020 530i, 530i xDrive, 540i, 540i xDrive, M550i xDrive, M5, 530e, 530e xDrive, X3 sDrive, X3 xDrive, X3 M40i, X3 M, and 2019-2020 X4 xDrive, X4 M40i, X4 M, X7 xDrive, X7 M50i, 740Li, 740Li xDrive, 750Li, 750Li xDrive, 8 Series Convertible and Coupe 840i, 840i xDrive, M850i xDrive, X5 sDrive, X5 xDrive, X5 M50i, X6 xDrive, X6 M50i, 330i, 330i xDrive, M340i, M340i xDrive, Z4 sDrive, Z4 M40i, 740Le xDrive and 745Le xDrive, 2018-2019 640i xDrive Gran Turismo and Rolls-Royce Phantom, 2019 M850i xDrive Gran Coupe and Rolls-Royce Cullinan and 2020 Toyota Supra vehicles. The back-up camera and display settings can be adjusted such that the rear view image is no longer visible and the system will retain that setting the next time the vehicle is placed in reverse. As such, these vehicles fail to comply with the requirements of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) number 111, "Rearview Mirrors."
Risk. The lack of an image in the back-up camera display increases the risk of a crash.
Remedy. BMW will notify owners, and dealers will update the back-up camera software, free of charge. The recall began November 8, 2019. Owners may contact BMW customer service at 1-800-525-7417 or Rolls-Royce at 1-877-877-3735. Toyota owners may contact Toyota customer service at 1-888-270-9371.
Filed Jul 23, 20195 vehiclesBMW of North America, LLC
Defect. BMW of North America, LLC (BMW) is recalling certain 2019 X5 xDrive50i and X7 xDrive40i vehicles. The left side wheel bolts may have been insufficiently tightened and may loosen over time.
Risk. Loose bolts may allow a wheel to detach from the vehicle, increasing the risk of a crash.
Remedy. BMW will notify owners, and dealers will replace and tighten the left side wheel bolts, free of charge. The recall began July 16, 2019. Owners may contact BMW customer service at 1-800-525-7417.
Filed Jul 3, 2019115 vehiclesBMW of North America, LLC
Defect. BMW of North America, LLC (BMW) is recalling certain 2020 750i xDrive, 2019 M850i xDrive Coupe, M850i xDrive Convertible, X5 xDrive50i, X7 xDrive50i, and M5 vehicles. The high pressure fuel pump may not have been properly attached to the engine, which may cause the fuel pump flange to crack, resulting in a fuel leak.
Risk. A fuel leak in the presence of an ignition source can increase the risk of a fire.
Remedy. BMW will notify owners, and dealers will replace the high pressure fuel pumps, free of charge. The recall began August 27, 2019. Owners may contact BMW customer service at 1-800-525-7417.
Filed Feb 13, 201968 vehiclesBMW of North America, LLC
Defect. BMW of North America, LLC (BMW) is recalling certain 2019 X5 xDrive40i and xDrive50i vehicles. The attachment bolts for the driver's seat and/or seat belt may not have been properly tightened.
Risk. The improperly tightened bolts can increase the risk of injury in the event of a crash.
Remedy. BMW will notify owners, and dealers will inspect the attachment bolts for the driver's seat and seat belt, and torque them to the correct specifications, as necessary, free of charge. The recall began April 9, 2019. Owners may contact BMW customer service at 1-800-525-7417.
Filed Dec 19, 201811 vehiclesBMW of North America, LLC
Defect. BMW of North America, LLC (BMW) is recalling certain 2019 BMW X5 xDrive40i and X5 xDrive50i vehicles. The driver and/or passenger sun visor may have an incorrect air bag warning label, or the label may be missing. As such, these vehicles fail to comply with the requirements of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) number 208, "Occupant crash protection."
Risk. Without a label that shows the proper restraint usage guidelines, the occupants may have an increased risk of injury in the event of a crash.
Remedy. BMW notified owners, and dealers will inspect the driver and passenger sun visor, replacing the visors as necessary, free of charge. The recall began January 4, 2019. Owners may contact BMW customer service at 1-800-525-7417.
Filed Oct 17, 2018172 vehiclesBMW of North America, LLC
Defect. BMW of North America, LLC (BMW) is recalling certain 2019 BMW X5 xDrive40i vehicles. The capacitors within the Body Domain Controller (BDC) may short circuit and overheat.
Risk. If the BDC short circuits, other nearby components may also overheat, increasing the risk of a fire.
Remedy. All affected vehicles remain on dealer lots, therefore owner letters will not be mailed. BMW dealers will replace the BDC control unit, free of charge. The recall began on October 17, 2018. Owners may contact BMW customer service at 1-800-525-7417.
All 13 campaigns on file, newest first.
What owners reported
Newest filings
Power Train
Filed Oct 26, 2026CA
The vehicle experiences repeated jerking and shuddering from the driveline during low-speed cornering, acceleration from a stop, and under light-to-medium loads. No warning lights or Check Control messages appear. This matches the symptoms described in BMW Service Information Bulletin 27 02 20 regarding the xDrive transfer case on my vehicle. In November 2025, the authorized BMW dealer confirmed the concern, performed a transfer case oil change as the first diagnostic step required by the bulletin, and advised that if the problem returned the transfer case would need replacement. The oil change did not resolve the issue. The same symptoms have persisted. After being driven for about 8,000 miles, vehicle is currently back at the same dealer - BMW of Escondido - in order to address the issue. The manufacturer has directed the dealer to repeat the oil change yet again, although this oil is a lifetime fill and not subject to scheduled maintenance, and conduct an evaluation drive of approximately 200 miles before deciding whether to replace the transfer case.
Unknown or Other
Filed Oct 20, 2026GA
The A/C evaporator core in my 2019 BMW X5 xDrive50i failed at approximately 65000 miles. On 8/20/2026, I noticed warm air from the passenger climate zone, a chemical odor/oily residue at the vents, and complete loss of A/C. A leak test at Nalley BMW on 10/20/2026 identified the evaporator core as the source of the refrigerant leak. The A/C system had no prior repairs, and the vehicle has been maintained at BMW dealers per BMW’s schedule. Repair requires removing the dashboard and was quoted at $6000. BMW has not issued a recall or extended warranty for this component. I believe this is a defect in the original aluminum evaporator core and not wear or misuse, as I have seen many similar failures at low mileage reported by other 2018-2025 BMW owners. No crash, fire, or injury occurred.
Engine
Filed Oct 14, 2026CA
I purchased a BMW X5 on August 5. Several weeks later, I kept noticing rubber pieces coming out of the engine so I lifted the hood and saw disconnected hoses, fraying, holes, extremely worn engine parts and pink wrapping around one metal hose. Two weeks ago a safety recall notice popped up on my infotainment screen. It said it was about the engine starter and when scrolling down to the additional information said that if the engine starts fire to exit the cabin if it fills with smoke. I put my Vin number into your website and my car pulled up. I read about the safety recall and it stated from September 2025. The car was currently not being driven due to the safety recall and the disconnected hoses but also the starter is making a clicking noise and electrical has flashed different buttons near the gearshift or the cupholders. I do have a video of the flashing lights in the sound of the starter. This is tied to an ongoing investigation with the CFPB and my bank. I have been stranded here for almost 7 weeks waiting for my bank or to retain an attorney because I have no idea what to do as this safety recall and disconnected houses in the engine on top of a tire pressure malfunction sensor a rear restraint pop-up so I'm hoping for an attorney to help me with every issue from identity and selling of a vehicle that is unsafe and unfit for the road. I am disabled and on a fixed income so I'm unable to do much especially with my dog and needing to. Stay near the car to move it every
Service Brakes
Filed Oct 1, 2026FL
My 2019 BMW X5 suffered an identical failure to the 2023-2025 recalls to replace the entire integrated brake system unit at only 31,117 miles. The part # was 34-51-5-A7C-589. The repair work was performed by BMW of Ocala at a cost of $4,134.37 on 8/3/2024. Because this component matches the technical architecture of the widespread 2024 integrated Brake Module recalls, I believe BMW should reimburse the total cost of this repair.
Unknown or Other
Filed Sep 29, 2026FL
The emergency call system malfunctioned and the navigation system quit working due to a leak in the shark fin. This would be a major safety concern in the case of an emergency. The Dealer will replace the shark fin at their cost, but will not provide a loaner vehicle or rental car why we are waiting on the replacement shark fin. The part has been on backorder for a month and was supposed to arrive on XXX. On XXX I was told that the backordered part was now expected on XXX. The dealer told me I could not drive the car in the rain as rain would damage the headliner and if that happened the repair would be my responsibility not BMW's. I live in [XXX] and during this time of the year we have popup thunder storms and it rains almost every day so it makes the car effectively useless. INFORMATION REDACTED PURSUANT TO THE FREEDOM OF INFORMATION ACT (FOIA), 5 U.S.C. 552(B)(6)
Power Train
Filed Sep 26, 2026FL
My transfer case is in bad condition. Initially I was getting really bad jerking in my car when turning. I was recommended by BMW of [XXX] to do a fluid flush. I have spent money to do this flush. Starting of August my mechanic as well as other mechanics that my transfer case is in really bad condition and is making really bad noises. INFORMATION REDACTED PURSUANT TO THE FREEDOM OF INFORMATION ACT (FOIA), 5 U.S.C. 552(B)(6)
Unknown or Other
Filed Sep 21, 2026PA
I purchased my car in December 2025. In the early summer, I noticed my air conditioning system not working. I took it to my dealership and they did a recharge. I took my car back to the shop and found that after further investigation is an evaporator leak. I had to pay over $6000 in repairs.
Engine and Engine Cooling
Filed Sep 18, 202684,000 milesNJ
The contact owns a 2019 BMW X5. The contact stated that upon starting the vehicle, the "Emergency SOS Malfunction" message was displayed. The vehicle was taken to a dealer, where it was diagnosed, and the contact was advised that the engine oil pump and TCB module were faulty and needed to be replaced. The manufacturer was not notified of the failure. The failure mileage was 84,000.
Engine
Filed Sep 17, 2026NY
Engine oil pump failure. The housing for the oil pump is made out of plastic and know to fail due to the part turning brittle in the engine surrounded by oil and heat. The oil pump housing has cracked causing a failure at the pump housing. The results are catastrophic engine failure as well as not being able to read engine oil levels on bmw idrive system.
Lane Departure › Blind Spot Detection
Filed Sep 12, 2026TX
Dear Sir/Madam, I am experiencing an issue with my BMW vehicle whereby, approximately 5 to 10 minutes after beginning to drive, the Driver Assistance System becomes disabled. As a result, both the Blind Spot Detection and Lane Departure Warning functions are deactivated, and a warning message indicating that driver assistance support is restricted appears on the display. I understand that BMW has previously issued Service Action B66 20 19, which recommends replacement of the KAFAS (Camera-Based Driver Assistance System) under certain conditions. Based on my research, the symptoms affecting my vehicle appear to be consistent with those described in that service action. However, when I checked my vehicle information, I was unable to find any open recall or service campaign associated with this issue. While driver assistance technologies are intended to supplement, rather than replace, attentive driving, these systems are nonetheless important safety features that contribute significantly to vehicle safety. A malfunction that causes these features to become unavailable during operation may increase safety risks for drivers and other road users. I would appreciate your guidance regarding the most appropriate course of action to resolve this issue. Specifically, I would like to know whether my vehicle may qualify for repair under the referenced service action or whether BMW can provide additional diagnostic or corrective measures. Thank you for your time and assistance. I look for
Engine
Filed Sep 7, 2026PA
The BMW B58 Technical Update (B58TU) engine utilizes a variable-displacement oil pump incorporating internal components manufactured from thermoplastic rather than traditional metal. These plastic internal parts are prone to severe thermal degradation and brittleness over time. Under normal operating conditions—and particularly during cold-starts in low ambient temperatures—the plastic elements suffer structural fatigue and catastrophically fracture, destroying the pump's ability to maintain oil pressure. A primary indicator of failure is the vehicle's inability to complete an electronic oil level measurement, quickly followed by a critical "Low Oil Pressure: Stop Engine" warning. This defect poses an immediate and severe hazard to motor vehicle safety. A sudden loss of engine oil pressure while traveling at highway speeds results in immediate oil starvation and catastrophic engine seizure. This causes a sudden loss of motive power and can lead to a loss of power-assisted steering and braking. Operating a vehicle that suddenly stalls or seizes in fast-moving traffic creates an extreme risk of high-speed rear-end collisions and leaves occupants stranded in highly hazardous highway conditions. Because BMW quietly transitioned back to a ruggedized metal oil pump design in later production runs without issuing a safety recall or notice for earlier models, thousands of vehicles remain on the road with an inherently defective, safety-critical engine component. I request that the Na
Electrical System
Filed Sep 1, 2026CA
COMPONENT / FAULT CATEGORY: ELECTRICAL SYSTEM / POWER TRAIN / BLIND SPOT WARNING SUMMARY OF THE DEFECT: On April 11, 2026, my 2019 BMW X5 suffered a sudden electronic system shutdown at highway speeds near the 210 exit, stranding the car on the roadway and requiring AAA towing. BMW of Ontario falsely blamed "liquid damage" in the GSW shifter and texted an inflated quote of $6,616.05, later reduced to $3,616.05 on Invoice #BFCS684959 before waiving fees for oil changing and so on due to communication errors. NO liquid spill occurred. The GSW module near cup holders suffers from an unsealed design defect where ambient condensation causes total drive power loss. DETAILED INCIDENT NARRATIVE: The center console in the BMW X5 (G05) lacks basic liquid/moisture isolation. Condensation or ambient humidity short-circuits critical shifting electronics, causing immediate loss of drive power on public roadways and creating an extreme crash risk. This incident is part of a clear pattern of systemic electrical vulnerabilities on this specific vehicle: 1. STARTER SAFETY RECALL & HIGHWAY SHUTDOWN: Last year, this vehicle suffered a sudden highway shutdown caused by a faulty starter. BMW failed to send a recall notice beforehand. After I was forced to pay out-of-pocket for emergency repairs at Coast BMW, BMW later recognized the recall and issued a full reimbursement this year. 2. BLIND SPOT WARNING SYSTEM FAILURE: The vehicle also suffered an unexplained, premature failure of the Blind Spot W
Unknown or Other
Filed Aug 31, 2026RI
My sunroof exploded. No signs of anything dropping on it or falling from another vehicle. Shade roof was open. Covered me and my passenger in glass.
Electrical System › Starter Assembly
Filed Aug 20, 202679,000 milesCT
The contact’s wife who owns a 2019 BMW X5. The contact stated that while the vehicle was parked, there was an abnormal sound and the vehicle intermittently stalled. No warning lights were illuminated. The failure had occurred on several occasions. The vehicle was taken to an independent mechanic, where it was diagnosed and determined that the starter needed to be replaced. The vehicle was not repaired and was taken back to the residence. The contact stated that the vehicle stalled again and failed to return to normal operation. A dealer was contacted; however, the vehicle was not yet diagnosed or repaired. The contact researched and was made aware of an unknown recall; however, the VIN was not under recall. The manufacturer was not notified of the failure. The failure mileage was approximately 79,000.
Visibility/Wiper
Filed Aug 2, 2026PA
Around June 10th, I was on vacation when I noticed my AC was not very cold in this vehicle, which I had purchased used about a month earlier. I took it to get recharged while on my vacation, and it blew nice and cold until a few days ago. After doing a little digging, it appears that the 2019 and 2020 model year of the BMW X5 G05 have an evaporator core made of aluminum, and the refrigerant used (R1234yf) is known to be corrosive to aluminum, causing leaks in the core. While this is widely talked about in online forums amongst those who have experienced this issue, it appears no safety recalls have been made about this issue. The problems, as I see it, are two fold: 1> Without a working AC system, the vehicle cannot safely defrost the windows when conditions are favorable for frost or fogginess. 2> The health hazards of inhaling leaked refrigerant, along with it's by-products (like trifluoroacetic acid) do not need to be explained. Refrigerants are known to be dangerous both to human health as well as to the environment, so this is not an acceptable environment to be exposed to. While I have not had an accident caused by this, I believe preventative steps should be taken to prevent them from occuring, given this is a fairly common problem with the 2019/2020 model year of this vehicle.
Engine
Filed Jul 23, 2026TN
The oil pump failed on my X5. The factory installed oil pump has a plastic housing that cracks and leads to oil pump failure. BMW replaced the part with a newer model that has a metal housing.
Engine
Filed Jul 16, 2026CO
I was shocked by the failure of the oil pump on my 2019 BMW X5. Furthermore, through my research and discussions within the BMW community, it is evident that this specific oil pump associated with 2019 engine component has a documented history of premature failure and known defects (plastic). Given that this is a known vulnerability rather than standard wear-and-tear, I do not believe that I should bear the full burden of such an exorbitant repair cost of $6890. Why is issue has not been recalled by BMW??
Engine
Filed Jul 3, 2026NJ
I always service and baby my vehicle. Had recently got starter recall & fresh oil change done 2 months at my local BMW Atlantic City NJ dealership. On June 27th, as I was driving the vehicle normally a message popped on the dash stating engine oil is at a minimum level, add 1 liter of engine oil, refill oil immediately. So I went to my earliest autozone bought quart of mobile 1 oil and refilled it. After that the warning message went away and came felt fine. Unfortunately the next day same message popped up, so drove over to BMW service to get diagnosed. Due to the computer system in the vehicle not being able to read the oil level measurement. It would go from 0-18% oil level reading then message would pop up saying unable to read to try again or make sure vehicle is on ground level which I made sure it was. So next day I dropped it off at BMW dealership for diagnosing. After 1 day and half they came to the conclusion that it is a bad oil pump and wants to charge $6,362.31 for repairs. Advisor stated its due to older gen bmw b58 engines using plastic oil pumps inside which causes to break and cause leaks. So they are aware its an common issue but won’t do an recall or service bulletin to fix issue which is very dangerous because the engine could seize up and stall anytime I’m driving around due to not knowing the oil level measurements. It is super risky and unfair for consumers to pay for such a big bill repair. I hope there is recalls or something to help remedy this cause
Service Brakes
Filed Jul 2, 2026FL
* Intelligent Braking system. * yes it is available for inspection * I was inches from colliding with the vehicle in front of me when my car finally stopped. * Yes local official BMW dealership inspected and diagnosed the IBS module is defective. * there was no prior warning.
Electrical System
Filed Jun 26, 2026PA
The vehicle is at A&L Motors in Monroeville Pa. The vehicle has suffered a catastrophic, cascading electrical failure caused by a known manufacturing defect in the roof antenna seal. Rainwater entered the vehicle through the defective shark fin antenna seal and flooded the Telematics Control Unit(TCU). Because the TCU communicates directly with the main iDrive head unit via the vehicle's MOST/bus central data network, the water-damaged TCU short-circuited and flooded the network with corrupt electrical data, hard-bricking the iDrive system. A dealership engineer confirmed that water did not physically touch the head unit, eliminating user-error fluid spills. This cascading electrical failure has completely disabled vital safety systems, including the backup camera, forward collision driver-assist radar warnings, blind-spot monitoring alerts, and critical dashboard diagnostic notifications, creating an immediate highway safety hazard. Simultaneously, the active grille shutters (active air flaps) failed due to a defective internal actuator motor, creating a severe risk of sudden engine overheating and thermal shutdown. This component is under a 150K mile manufacturer warranty extension(SIB01 12 19 and later sib01 03 25). BMW of North America Claims Manager Joe 1-800-831-1117Ext1427 has issued an arbitrary final denial for these repairs based on a hearsay rock wedged/strike despite no apparent physical damage and zero photographic evidence. BMW is actively evading its extended w
Engine
Filed Jun 20, 2026IL
Oil pump with plastic parts failing
Engine
Filed Jun 2, 2026UT
The engine oil pump failed internally. The vehicle is equipped with a factory-installed variable-displacement oil pump that utilizes an internal thermoplastic adjusting ring. Due to heat cycles and mechanical stress, this plastic component degrades, becomes brittle, and catastrophically shatters or cracks.The first symptom appeared when the vehicle became entirely unable to complete an electronic engine oil level measurement via the iDrive system, consistently freezing and aborting the test at approximately 15% to 20%. This defect directly compromises road safety. A sudden drop in oil pressure causes severe internal engine friction, leading to immediate engine seizure or a total loss of motive power without adequate warning. Experiencing a sudden engine stall while driving at highway speeds places the driver, passengers, and surrounding motorists at extreme risk of a high-speed rear-end collision. Furthermore, a total engine shutdown disables power-assist steering and braking, making the vehicle incredibly difficult to control and maneuver to safety. Catastrophic mechanical failure from oil starvation also presents a severe under-hood fire hazard if oil leaks onto hot exhaust components.The problem has been officially reproduced and confirmed. The vehicle was brought to Bavarian Werkstatte, where certified technicians diagnosed the issue as an internal structural failure of the variable-displacement oil pump's plastic adjusting ring. The component is currently available for i
Engine
Filed May 30, 2026VA
I am writing regarding my BMW X5 xDrive40i, model year 2019, engine code B58TU. The vehicle has been serviced at authorized BMW dealerships. For this engine type B58TU especially years 2018-2021, repeated oil pump failures have been reported due to a known design issue: an internal plastic component can develop cracks, potentially leading to a complete oil pump failure. BMW silently replaced the oil pump with the updated version by keeping the same part number but featuring metal internals. Once there is a fail on the oil pumps with plastic components, engine loses access to get the oil an immediate stop is needed. This creates a huge safety concern cause: 1) If you are on a highway at highway speeds it might not be possible to move to the shoulder safely with no engine power or even worse: with a locked engine. 2) If there is a maintenance on the road with no shoulder access or if this is a bridge where there is no shoulder, it creates a huge risk to safely move the vehicle. An unavoidable sudden stop can create a huge accident risk for everybody. Of course any car can get a engine problem on those occasions but this is a very known and very common problem for BMW cars equipped with B58TU engine especially years 2018-2021. BMW is also definitely aware of that and this safety concern cause they updated the design silently. But, when contacted with BMW NA, they refused to help, refused to admit there is a design problem. They also refused to change the oil pump with the update
Power Train
Filed May 30, 2026VA
I am writing regarding my BMW X5 xDrive40i, model year 2019. For this G05 model coded cars, repeated transfer case failures have been reported due to a known issue: on the factory they put a wrong oil in it and then published a Technical Bulletin about it as if they are not the ones responsible for that. The problem is, due to that mistake, transfer cases of cars manufactured between 2018-2020 becomes dead in time. Cars shudders, jerking at low speeds, cannot deliver the power to the ground effectively due to intermittent and very disturbing, powerful shudders. This creates a huge safety concern cause: 1) if you are on an intersection the car might not join safely to the traffic in a perceived timing due to the shudders, intermittent power delivery. 2) If you are on a driveway and moving to the street the car might not move to the street for the perceived timing or once moved cannot move safely to join the traffic. 3) If there is a failure on the transfer case and if there is a sudden stop is needed. On the road with no shoulder access or if this is a bridge where there is no shoulder, it creates a huge risk to safely move the vehicle. An unavoidable sudden stop can create a huge accident risk for everybody. This is a very known and very common problem for BMW cars equipped with B58TU engine especially years 2018-2020. BMW is also definitely aware of that and this safety concern but instead of fixing it they moved away their responsibility as if they are not the ones made the
Unknown or Other
Filed May 21, 2026IA
The evaporator for the air conditioning failed. BMW used an aluminum evaporator with yf coolant. Those combined cause the coolant to eat away the evaporator. Once the yf comes in contact to the air it turns toxic. This shouldn't fail at 82,000 miles.
Engine
Filed May 18, 2026NC
I am reporting a safety concern involving BMW vehicles equipped with the B58 Technical Update (B58TU) engine, commonly found in model years 2019–2021. These vehicles utilize a variable-displacement engine oil pump containing an internal thermoplastic adjusting component responsible for regulating oil pressure. Field failures are increasingly being reported in which this internal component fractures, resulting in sudden loss or instability of engine oil pressure. The failure frequently occurs during cold-start operation in low ambient temperatures. When the component fails, oil pressure regulation becomes erratic or is lost entirely. In many cases, drivers receive little or no actionable warning prior to engine damage or vehicle disablement. Reported precursor symptoms include inability to electronically measure engine oil level, abnormal oil pressure behavior, or sudden drivetrain malfunction warnings. Failures may rapidly progress to engine shutdown or severe mechanical damage caused by oil starvation. Loss of lubrication can cause the vehicle to become disabled without warning while driving or shortly after startup. This creates a safety hazard, particularly when vehicles become immobilized in active traffic or during winter conditions the cold is when they fail the most, where occupants may be exposed to freezing temperatures while awaiting assistance. Replacement of the oil pump requires extensive disassembly of the vehicle and repairs commonly exceed $6,000–$8,000 for ju
Engine
Filed May 12, 2026CA
I am reporting a safety concern involving BMW vehicles equipped with the B58 Technical Update (B58TU) engine, commonly found in model years 2019–2021. These vehicles utilize a variable-displacement engine oil pump containing an internal thermoplastic adjusting component responsible for regulating oil pressure. Field failures are increasingly being reported in which this internal component fractures, resulting in sudden loss or instability of engine oil pressure. The failure frequently occurs during cold-start operation in low ambient temperatures. When the component fails, oil pressure regulation becomes erratic or is lost entirely. In many cases, drivers receive little or no actionable warning prior to engine damage or vehicle disablement. Reported precursor symptoms include inability to electronically measure engine oil level, abnormal oil pressure behavior, or sudden drivetrain malfunction warnings. Failures may rapidly progress to engine shutdown or severe mechanical damage caused by oil starvation. Loss of lubrication can cause the vehicle to become disabled without warning while driving or shortly after startup. This creates a safety hazard, particularly when vehicles become immobilized in active traffic or during winter conditions the cold is when they fail the most, where occupants may be exposed to freezing temperatures while awaiting assistance. Replacement of the oil pump requires extensive disassembly of the vehicle and repairs commonly exceed $6,000–$8,000 for ju
Electrical System
Filed May 12, 2026NV
1 - Parking Brake inoperative - Unable to disengage parking brake: Recalled part for same year/make/model (Different production MONTH in recall) NHTSA safety recall OMB Control No: 2127-0004 2 - Air conditioner (Evaporator failure) - Releasing chemicals from enclosed HVAC system: Common knowledge failure point, requires entire dashboard disassembly w/High Labor cost Unsafe driving conditions in excessive heat (Las Vegas, local area driven) History: August 2025 - Parking brake stopped working: I obtained a diagnosis from independent service shop stating the center console control panel - containing the Body Domain Controller (BDC) requires replacement. The parking brake is currently inoperable Under NHTSA safety recall OMB Control No: 2127-0004 - Part 573 Safety Recall Report 18V-732: This specific part for this specific vehicle (year, make and model) has been recalled under a different production month. March 2026 - Air Conditioner Failure: The A/C system stopped working (Blowing hot air only). I filled the A/C system on 3/12/2026, and within 2 weeks the system chemicals had been released into the environment due to a leak in the evaporator. The evaporator was diagnosed by two (2) independent mechanics as the failure point of the AC system. The Air conditioner is currently inoperable and I reside in Las Vegas - Temperatures average well over 100 degrees and we are approaching summer. Common knowledge failure point: A/C Evaporator - Located deep within the dashboard at the fir
Engine
Filed Apr 30, 2026CT
I am reporting a safety concern involving a 2019 BMW X5 that experienced a sudden and catastrophic engine failure at approximately 75,000–80,000 miles. The failure occurred without any prior warning indicators, dashboard alerts, or fault codes. The vehicle lost engine function and required inspection by an authorized BMW dealership. The dealership documented internal engine damage, including metallic debris in the oil system, oil contamination, and bottom-end engine knocking. A full engine replacement was recommended. This raises safety concerns because: The failure occurred without warning Sudden engine failure could create hazardous driving conditions depending on speed and location There may be a broader pattern of similar failures BMW of North America has denied assistance and has not provided any explanation for the cause of the failure. I am submitting this complaint so the incident can be recorded and evaluated as part of any potential defect investigation.
Electrical System
Filed Apr 28, 2026WA
During the last service at the dealership. While they are replacing the battery, they found a melted bolt on the auxiliary battery that causes a loose cable connection and informed me that its a fire hazard. The car has 85k at the moment and all services were done at the dealership. No incident or any repairs. This is not a wear and tear. How can a bolt just melt. It might even melted a while ago and putting drivers in hazard without know because they would not noticed this unless a battery is getting replaced.
Air Bags
Filed Apr 23, 2026VA
My daughter was driving my BMW X5, it went to neutral and not moving, she was panicked and stopped the car and ignition. After restarting the car, it worked for a day, then it happened again, also, I see notifications on dashboard for restraint warning, saying, airbag, and seat belt tension are reduced. I took to Fairfax BMW in VA, BMW quoted $2662, informed that my BMW went out of extended warranty over a month, I asked Goodwill request to BMW, still declined.
Engine
Filed Apr 14, 2026CA
I recently took my 2019 X5 to the BMW dealership because of the recall (Engine starter) and the code P0456 (NVLD Minor Leak Fault). At the same time, there's a warning that says, "Oil at a minimum level. Add 1 liter immediately". I have the 3 Year Oil Plan and asked them to put some oil, but the dealership said that they can't add oil because the oil level wouldn’t read properly. They told me they couldn’t diagnose it without charging me an extra $300 for further testing. Then, I read a lot of threads online and it seems that BMW quietly changed the pump to an all-metal design around 2020 but never issued a recall or extended warranty for the earlier cars. There's a lot of customers complaining with the B58TU engine found in many 2019–2021 BMWs (X5 xDrive40i, 540i, 340i, etc.). The variable oil pump uses a plastic internal adjusting ring that cracks over time. When it fails, oil pressure becomes unstable or is lost, often with little warning. A common early symptom is the oil level sensor test failing and stopping around 12-20%. In the worst cases, it can lead to sudden engine damage or the car shutting down while driving. I called up my mechanic, and he said that this is a common problem and it could be an oil pump issue that needs to be replaced. I asked him for a quote and he said approximately $5k or more. I believe this is a safety defect that deserves investigation Hoping for your kind consideration. I plan to keep my car as long as possible Thanks, [XXX] INFORMATION RE
Electrical System
Filed Apr 14, 2026CO
Emergency call system malfunction. Vehicle available for inspection. Warning appears and verified by dealer as common issue with vehicle type due to shark fin antenna seal leaks, causing corrosion in the module when in contact with water (including rain). Cause loss of GPS and wireless capability.
Electrical System
Filed Apr 10, 2026CA
The starter on my BMW failed, and it overheated and damaged my alternator to the point that I needed to replace it. The dealer and independent service center confirmed that this was the cause, but BMW is refusing to reimburse the cost of the alternator replacement. I was at the exit of a highway and could not even put the car in neutral, so my safety was significantly at risk.
Electrical System
Filed Apr 9, 2026LA
The contact owns a 2019 BMW X5. The contact stated that while driving at an undisclosed speed, the vehicle unexpectedly overheated, and the engine temperature warning light illuminated. The vehicle was taken to a dealer, where it was diagnosed that the coolant line to the cylinder had failed and needed to be replaced. The vehicle was repaired. The contact later received notification of NHTSA Campaign Number: 25V644 (Electrical System). The manufacturer was not made aware of the failure. The approximate failure mileage was 101,187.
Electrical System
Filed Apr 7, 2026PA
The AC evaporator failed due to a known manufacturing defect common across the BMW G-chassis platform (G05, G07, G30). This has created two severe safety hazards: The refrigerant leak causes the windshield to fog up instantly and unexpectedly while driving, completely obstructing my visibility and nearly causing an accident. Chemical fumes and oil from the leaking evaporator are entering the cabin through the vents, causing dizziness and respiratory irritation for the occupants. BMW is aware of this systemic issue through numerous owner reports and petitions but refuses to issue a recall or provide assistance. This is a critical component failure that directly impacts vehicle safety and occupant health.
Engine
Filed Mar 2, 2026CA
I am writing to report a significant safety issue associated with BMW vehicles equipped with the B58TU engine, particularly the 2019-2021 models. These vehicles feature an oil pump containing an internal plastic component responsible for regulating oil pressure. There have been numerous instances of this part fracturing in the field, leading to a sudden loss of oil pressure. The failure predominantly occurs during cold starts in low temperatures. When this occurs, oil pressure can fluctuate erratically or be lost completely, often with minimal warning. Potential warning signs include difficulties in electronically measuring the oil level, abnormal oil pressure readings, or sudden drivetrain malfunction alerts. These issues can escalate quickly, resulting in engine shutdown or severe damage due to oil starvation. This situation poses a serious risk, as the vehicle may become inoperable without warning while driving or immediately after startup. Such failures are particularly hazardous when vehicles become immobilized in traffic or during winter conditions, leaving occupants vulnerable to harsh temperatures while awaiting roadside assistance. The replacement of the oil pump necessitates extensive disassembly and typically incurs a cost of $6,000-$8,000, assuming no engine damage has occurred. A significant concern is that owners cannot easily ascertain whether their vehicle is equipped with the original plastic pump or a revised metal component. BMW's VIN-based parts lookup now
Electrical System
Filed Feb 21, 2026CA
I bought the car from the dealership, and they said there were no problems with it, but they cheated me. The car broke down twice. The first time, it was parked in a private lot for several hours, and I paid a large sum for parking. The second time, it broke down on the street, and I waited eight hours for help to tow it back to the dealership. 1-recall message 2- emergency call system
Engine
Filed Feb 16, 2026IL
Subject: 2019 BMW X5 xDrive40i – Oil Pump Defect Causing Oil Measurement Failure and Safety Risk I am reporting a safety defect in my 2019 BMW X5 xDrive40i with the 3.0L B58 inline-6 engine. The vehicle currently has approximately 70,000 miles. The vehicle is unable to properly measure or display engine oil level due to incorrect oil readings, which have been attributed to a failing oil pump assembly containing internal plastic components. Because this vehicle does not have a traditional dipstick, the electronic oil level monitoring system is the only way to verify proper oil level. Due to the defective oil pump design, I am unable to confirm whether the engine has sufficient oil. This creates a serious safety concern because: •The vehicle may be operating with low oil pressure without accurate warning •Sudden oil pressure loss could cause engine shutdown while driving •Loss of power at highway speeds could result in an accident •Catastrophic engine failure could occur without proper oil monitoring This is not normal wear and tear. BMW has reportedly updated the oil pump design in newer model years to use metal internal components, suggesting awareness of a design weakness. However, no recall has been issued for 2019 models. An oil pump that prevents accurate oil level measurement and may fail prematurely presents a significant safety hazard. I respectfully request that this defect be formally investigated and that BMW be required to issue a recall to replace the defective oi
Engine and Engine Cooling
Filed Feb 9, 202685,000 milesMS
The contact owns a 2019 BMW X5. The contact stated that while driving approximately 45 MPH, the red oil light suddenly illuminated and the messages "Stop Carefully and Turn Off Engine", “Engine Oil Pressure Too Low", "Continued Driving will Result in Engine Damage". The vehicle was towed to the local mechanic, who discovered that the engine oil was black and thick. The vehicle was later towed to the local dealer, who confirmed that the engine oil was thick and dark, and the engine needed to be replaced. The failure mileage was 85,000.
Engine
Filed Feb 2, 2026WI
BMW knowingly did NOT NOTIFY it's 2019 BMW X5 M40i (engine B58) vehicle owners. This is in reference to the faulty design and made plastic engine oil pump. It has been known to fail prematurely due to weaken parts. Some analysis done was from certain oil viscosity's applying additional unneeded stressful pressures. This later was recognized by BMW and a newer design and/or metal sturdier one had taken it's place in subsequent model years starting in 2020. Some owners were able to remediate the oil pump failure and new replacement either covered under intact warranties, and some were covered through quieter negotiations with BMW Customer Care's authorizations. To my understanding, no recalls were made nor were any techical service bulletins (TSB) made to it's owners. I don't see how BMW can be allowed to get away with an issue of safety which could cause a catastrophic failure of the affected engine? Under the circumstances, BMW should be fully reimbursing me for the repairs here, and be glad there were NO serious injuries OR worse, DEATHS! I have been in contact with their Customer Care and nothing has been done to date.
Engine
Filed Jan 29, 2026PA
Premature oil pump failure. 2019 BMW x5 with only 46k miles has been diagnosed with an oil pump failure. Vehicle needed to be quickly pulled over and shut off to avoid catastrophic engine failure or engine seize. If this happens on the highway or at any speed the vehicle will lose power and be unsafe to control likely ending in an accident. This is a known Issue. BMW produced the vehicle with a flawed oil pump design that has a plastic ring around the impeller. The ring deteriorates and cracks leading to pump failure and loss of oil pressure It is only on limited models early 2019 X5. BMW redesigned with an all metal pump quietly. This issue needs to be addressed with BMW as it is unsafe for these family vehicles to be on the road with such a significant risk to its passengers and others. The failure happens with little to no warning. When contacting BMW they told me they would not consider helping with repairs. The repair for this part is upward of $8k which in turn will likely limit consumers ability to fix proactively. This is totally unacceptable and needs to be addressed by the NHTSA directly with BMW. P
Fuel/Propulsion System
Filed Jan 13, 2026MD
The engine warning system came on and warned of low oil pressure. Knowing the oil level was good I stopped the vehicle to check oil leaks. Found none. Knowing engine mechanics I assumed it was a faulty oil pump. had it towed to BMW and told it was so. The replacement would be $8,000. Found out after lengthy research that the oil pump of the 2019 X5 (which I have) was made with plastic internal parts that would be a matter of when not if, the plastic parts would fail because the acidic nature of used oil. Presented this info to BMW and they lowered the price to $3986.16. Then I discovered BMW knew about the problem and changed the oil pump design from 2020 on.
Engine
Filed Jan 5, 2026MD
Engine Starter overheating. Car won't start until engine cools down. Car would not let my shift into neutral in order to move to a safe location. Was stuck in front of several cars in an unsafe location. No warning message showed up. Car was just inspected and serviced with no indication that this was a problem. Car taken to dealer after incident and inspected produced the same results.
Electrical System
Filed Jan 5, 2026PA
Car randomly wouldn’t start and was getting error starter message on message center
Electrical System
Filed Dec 26, 2025NJ
The emergency call system and hands free microphone does not work due to the telematic control unit getting wet as a result of the shark fin antenna leaking. As a result I cannot rely on communication through this system in the event of an emergency which was one of the features that lead me to the decision to buy this car. The vehicle has been inspected by the dealer. The first warning lamp brought to the attention of the dealer in February.
Suspension
Filed Dec 17, 2025NY
Transfer case on 2019 X5,yes available for inspection upon request. At stop position making right turn or left turn the vehicle jutters,also in reverse. Yes - confirmed by the bmw service center who tried to charge for diagnostic fee. Manufacturer knows of issue on 2019 X5 models. Video of these transfer case issues all over online in videos. Issue started about 6 - 9 months ago.
Service Brakes
Filed Dec 16, 2025CA
Parking brakes can only be applied but cannot be released due to faulty design of the parking switch. This will cause the vehicle not able to move or be towed in an emergency especially when an engine failed to start. This problem confirmed by an independent repair shop and also has highlighted in several BMW group chats.
Back Over Prevention › Sensing System › Camera
Filed Dec 8, 2025NJ
I am reporting a recurring safety-related defect with the infotainment/iDrive head-unit in my 2019 BMW X5 xDrive40i. The central display repeatedly goes completely black or shows “No Signal” while the vehicle is otherwise drivable. When this happens, iDrive is unusable and I lose: 1. Rearview camera and visual parking aids 2. Parking sensor visuals 3. Navigation and key vehicle information 4. Access to settings that only exist in iDrive BMW service says this is due to the vehicle’s “age” and recommends a full head-unit (hardware) replacement at my expense, even though this is a software-driven system. A previous identical failure on this car resolved on its own with no hardware change, which strongly suggests a software/firmware defect, not a worn-out part. This problem is widespread, not just my car. Many BMW owners report the same black-screen/“No Signal” iDrive behavior on similar models and years, often after software updates and even after multiple head-unit replacements, with no lasting fix. One example thread: [XXX] As a long-time BMW owner, it is extremely frustrating that BMW has not given a convincing engineering explanation or solution and keeps falling back on expensive hardware swaps. 1. Driving risks when the display/iDrive fails include: 2. Reversing or parking without a rearview camera 3. Low-speed maneuvering without visual parking sensors 4. Driver distraction from a sudden blank screen 5. Loss of navigation and information needed for safe route choice and l
Engine
Filed Dec 5, 2025CT
I am reporting a serious safety defect involving the oil pump assembly on my 2019 BMW X5 xDrive40i. While driving at low speed in normal conditions, a sudden dashboard warning appeared stating: “Engine oil pressure too low — stop carefully.” I immediately pulled over and shut off the engine. My vehicle had been serviced by an authorized BMW dealership less than one week earlier, and no faults or issues were identified. There were no warning signs or symptoms prior to the failure. An independent licensed repair facility inspected the vehicle after the incident and confirmed that the oil pump had failed due to a defective plastic internal component used in the pump’s design. The failed parts are available for inspection upon request. This failure created a significant safety risk, as sudden loss of oil pressure can cause engine seizure, loss of power steering, loss of braking assist, and an inability to safely control the vehicle. Had this occurred at highway speeds, the consequences could have been severe. I have since learned that this exact issue has been reported by other owners of 2019 BMW X5 vehicles and other BMW models using the B58 engine, which were equipped with an oil pump containing plastic internal drive components prone to cracking or separating. BMW appears to have updated the oil pump design to a metal version in 2020 and later models, suggesting the manufacturer was aware of the weakness of the earlier design. The defect was confirmed by an independent service
Complaints 1-50 of 194, newest first, reproduced as filed.
No unusual pattern of severe incidents in the complaint record.
Complaint counts track how many cars were sold and how long they have been on the road as much as they track quality. A common model from 2013 has had a decade to accumulate reports; a rare one from last year has not. The signal worth weighing is in the severity columns, in whether the same component keeps appearing, and in whether the manufacturer eventually opened a recall for it.
Recall repairs are free for as long as the recall stands. Check whether a specific car still has open work at NHTSA's VIN lookup.
Most recent recall on file: Sep 25, 2025. Source: NHTSA Office of Defects Investigation.