2011 Can-Am Spyder RT

Routine

Owners filed 29 complaints about this vehicle with federal regulators, most often about the engine. It has been recalled 2 times.

What fails
ComponentReportsCrashesFiresInjuries
Engine8
023
Fuel/Propulsion System6
020
Power Train4
000
Fuel System, Gasoline4
001
Structure › Body2
000
Electrical System2
010
Steering › Electric Power Assist System1
000
Exterior Lighting1
000
Engine and Engine Cooling › Exhaust System1
001

2 safety recalls

Part 573 reports
Fuel System, Gasoline › Storage › Tank Assembly › Filler Pipe and Cap12V582000
Filed Dec 12, 201233,700 vehiclesBombardier Recreational Products Inc.

Defect. Bombardier Recreational Products Inc. (BRP) is recalling certain model year 2008-2012 Can-Am Spyder GS, RS, and RT series vehicles. The fuel cap may not fit onto the fuel tank filler neck, preventing it from sealing properly.

Risk. If the fuel cap does not seal properly, it may leak fuel vapors. Fuel vapors in the presence of an ignition source could result in a fire and personal injury.

Remedy. BRP will notify owners and send them a replacement fuel cap, free of charge. The safety recall is expected to begin in mid-January 2013. Owners may contact BRP AT 1-888-638-5397.

Power Train › Manual Transmission › Column Shift Assembly11V081000
Filed Feb 7, 2011378 vehiclesBombardier Recreational Products Inc.

Defect. BRP IS RECALLING CERTAIN MODEL YEAR 2011 SPYDER RT SM5 ROADSTERS. WHILE DOWN SHIFTING IT MAY BE POSSIBLE TO INADVERTENTLY ENGAGE REVERSE WITHOUT DEPRESSING THE REVERSE BUTTON DUE TO A DEFECTIVE REVERSE ACTUATOR CABLE.

Risk. IF THIS HAPPENS WHILE THE VEHICLE IS MOVING FORWARD, THE REAR WHEEL COULD LOCK AND THE ENGINE COULD STALL. IF THIS HAPPENS WHILE VEHICLE IS STOPPED, THE VEHICLE COULD BACK UP. A VEHICLE STALL WITHOUT WARNING OR AN EXPECTED MOVEMENT IN REVERSE MAY INCREASE THE RISK OF A CRASH POSSIBLY RESULTING IN INJURY OR DEATH.

Remedy. DEALERS WILL VALIDATE PROPER OPERATION OF THE REVERSE ACTUATOR AND IF DEFECTIVE, THE REVERSE ACTUATOR ASSEMBLY WILL BE REPLACED FREE OF CHARGE. THE SAFETY RECALLBEGAN ON FEBRUARY 11, 2011. OWNERS MAY CONTACT BRP AT 1-888-638-5397.

What owners reported

Newest filings
Engine
Filed Aug 9, 2023FL

This vehicle emits raw fuel fumes under pressure while driving and after parked for up to 45 minutes. Sometimes can her the fuel boiling in the fuel tank. If parked n a garage and any spark is near the vehicle will blow up. If parked outside the fumes are overpowering and if someone drops a cigarette nearby there will be an explosion.. I have contacted the local BRP Can A, dealer and they refuse to look at or repair due to liability concerns. I contacted BRP AND RECEIVED A CASE NUMBER 2 months ago and they have and continue to address the dangerous problem. The vehicle is a time bomb and I can not use the vehicle at all due to safety concerns.

Power Train
Filed Dec 1, 2021FL

While driving vehicle it will randomly shift into reverse. It first happened 8/ 2021 Dealer replaced reverse actuator It was returned the following week for the same problem, We got it back and a month later and it has done it again BRP has acknowledged the problem because there was another vehicle that has had the same or similar problem. They have manufactured a new part to fix this issue. I cannot stress enough how dangerous it can be to have your vehicle to drop into reverse as you are driving at 30 to 40mph. I dont understand how BRP does not see this as an important issue to be addressed. It remains to be seen whether they are going to charge for this or not. As long as bike has been in the shop I feel it should be on them not me as I have already spent $1800 to fix this problem and still not fixed.

Power Train
Filed Apr 3, 2020TX

I COMPLETED THE FIRST OIL CHANGE ON MY 2011 RT TRIKE (MOTORCYLE) (I PURCHASED IT FROM A DEALER USED SO IT MAY BE THE FIRST OIL CHANGE EVER PERFORMED SINCE IT ONLY HAS 3500 MILES. I FOUND A SMALL SCREW( LIKE A HEX SCREW) PART INSIDE THE OIL PAN MAGNET. SEE THE ATTACHED PHOTO. NO AWARE THAT THE ENGINE IS SELF DESTROYING FROM THE INSIDE. IT IS A SMALL BLACK COLOR BOLT A BIT LARGER THAN A RICE GRAIN IT HAS THREADS ON THE OUTISIDE AND A HEX IMPRESSION ON ONE SIDE AND IT DOES NOT APPEAR TO HAVE BEEN DAMAGED SINCE IT WAS STUCK TO THE OIL PAN PLUG MAGNET ALL THIS TIME. AFTER FURTHER READING THE SPYDER OWNERS FORUM WE LEARNED THIS SITUATION HAS HAPPENED TO OTHER OWNERS. IN THE NEW ONES THE BRP COMPANY PAID FOR THE ENGINE REPAIR BECAUSE THEY WERE UNDER WARRANTY. MINE HAS EXPIRED WARRANTY BUT ONLY HAS 3700 ORIGINAL MILES IN THE ODOMETER. THE SMALL SCREW IS A PART THAT REGULATES THE AMOUNT OF OIL FLOW INTO THE REAR CYLINDER HEAD. THIS IS A TWO CYLINDER ENGINE. A DEALER CONTACTED THE BRP COMPANY AND THEY REFUSED TO COVER THE COST OF THE REPAIR. THE ENGINE APPERAS TO STILL OPERATE CORRECTLY BUT SOME OF THE INFORMATION POSTED MENTIONS THAT THE ENGINE WILL EVENTUALLY START LEAKING OIL ALONG ONE OF THE CILINDER HEADS GASKETS.

Power Train
Filed Jan 7, 201918,000 milesGA

I OWN A 2011 CANAM SPYDER RT SM5 AND HAVE BEEN EXPERIENCING A PROBLEM WITH THE BIKE GOING INTO REVERSE WHILE SHIFTING. I FOUND A RECALL LETTER CONCERNING THIS ABOUT THE "REVERSE ACTUATOR CABLE", ON RECALL FOR THE 2011 MODELS, BUT WHEN I PUT MY VIN # IN IT COMES UP AS "NO RECALLS ". I'M CLEARLY HAVING THIS PROBLEM FOR OVER 6 MONTHS NOW AND NEED TO KNOW HOW TO GO ABOUT GETTING THIS REPAIRED UNDER THAT RECALL?

Electrical SystemFire
Filed Oct 29, 20172,935 milesMD

TL* THE CONTACT OWNS A 2011 CAN-AM ROADSTER SPYDER RT MOTORCYCLE. WHILE DRIVING 35 MPH, THE ENGINE FAILED AND FLAMES APPEARED UNDER THE MOTORCYCLE NEAR THE ENGINE AREA. THE CONTACT WAS ABLE TO MOVE SAFELY ONTO THE ROAD SHOULDER. THE FIRE DEPARTMENT ASSISTED TO CONTAIN THE FIRE AND A FIRE REPORT WAS FILED. THE MOTORCYCLE WAS TAKEN TO A TOW YARD. THE MOTORCYCLE WAS NOT REPAIRED. THE DEALER AND MANUFACTURER WERE NOT NOTIFIED. THE APPROXIMATE FAILURE MILEAGE WAS 2,935.

EngineFire
Filed Oct 6, 20172,935 milesMD

TL* THE CONTACT OWNS A 2011 CAN-AM ROADSTER SPYDER RT MOTORCYCLE. WHILE DRIVING 35 MPH, THE ENGINE FAILED AND FLAMES APPEARED UNDER THE MOTORCYCLE NEAR THE ENGINE AREA. THE CONTACT WAS ABLE TO MOVE SAFELY ONTO THE ROAD SHOULDER. THE FIRE DEPARTMENT ASSISTED TO CONTAIN THE FIRE AND A FIRE REPORT WAS FILED. THE MOTORCYCLE WAS TAKEN TO A TOW YARD. THE MOTORCYCLE WAS NOT REPAIRED. THE DEALER AND MANUFACTURER WERE NOT NOTIFIED. THE APPROXIMATE FAILURE MILEAGE WAS 2,935...UPDATED 11/06/17 *BF UPDATED 11/13/2017*JS

Fuel/Propulsion SystemFire
Filed Jul 20, 20153,200 milesMD

TL* THE CONTACT OWNS A 2011 CAN-AM SPYDER RT. WHILE THE VEHICLE WAS PARKED, THE CONTACT NOTICED STRONG FUEL FUMES AROUND THE VEHICLE. IN ADDITION, THE CONTACT STATED THAT THE VEHICLE FAILED TO START. THE ABS AND THE EBD DEFAULT WERE DISPLAYED ACROSS THE MESSAGE BOARD. THE VEHICLE WAS TAKEN TO A DEALER BUT WAS NOT DIAGNOSED OR REPAIRED. THE MANUFACTURER WAS NOT NOTIFIED OF THE FAILURE. THE FAILURE MILEAGE WAS 3,200. THE VIN WAS UNAVAILABLE.

Fuel/Propulsion System
Filed Oct 29, 201426,000 milesPA

SPYDER RT EMITS GASOLINE FUMES FROM EVAPORATIVE EMISSION CONTROL SYSTEM VENT HOSE. FUMES ARE EVIDENT WHEN BIKE IS SHUT DOWN. IN HOT WEATHER IT IS NOTICEABLE EVEN WHEN SITTING STILL AT A STOP LIGHT OR STUCK IN TRAFFIC. FUMES OFTEN CONDENSE AROUND THE BOTTOM LIP OF THE VENT HOSE WHEN THEY HIT THE COLDER AIR. THE CONDENSATE COLLECTS AROUND THE LIP AND EVENTUALLY DRIPS OFF. THE MILEAGE AND DATE NOTED ABOVE ARE APPROXIMATELY WHEN I FIRST REQUESTED THE DEALER TO CHECK THE SYSTEM. PRIOR TO THIS TIME THE FUMES WERE A MINOR ANNOYANCE BUT HAD NOW GOTTEN CONSISTENTLY WORSE. THE PURGE VALVE WAS FOUND TO BE WORKING PROPERLY. A MONTH LATER AT ABOUT 30,000 MILES I AGAIN HAD THE DEALER CHECK THE ENTIRE SYSTEM AND IT WAS FOUND WORKING PROPERLY IN SPITE OF THE FUMES. I PAID TO REPLACE THE CANISTER AND PURGE VALVE AS I HAD TO TRY SOMETHING. AS EXPECTED, REPLACEMENT HAD NO EFFECT ON THE PROBLEM. IN DECEMBER OF 2013 AT ABOUT 31,000 MILES I AGAIN HAD DEALER CHECK ENTIRE SYSTEM. I UNDERSTAND THEY EVEN HAD BRP CONSULTATION ON THE PROCEDURE TO FOLLOW. ONCE AGAIN, ALL ELEMENTS OF THE SYSTEM WERE FOUND WORKING PROPERLY AND THE CONCLUSION FROM BRP WAS "THAT'S THE WAY IT IS". THE FUMES CONTINUE TO THIS DAY, NOW OCTOBER 2014 AND OVER 38,000 MILES. I DISSECTED THE REMOVED CANISTER TO SEE HOW IT WORKS AND THE CONDITION IT WAS IN. AFTER 30K MILES IT WAS SEEMINGLY PERFECT. THE ACTIVATED CHARCOAL WAS TOTALLY DRY AND IN GOOD APPEARANCE, CONFIRMING TO ME THAT THE PROBLEM IS NOT CAUSED BY LIQUID FUEL "SLOSHING" T

Fuel/Propulsion System
Filed Oct 28, 2014CA

FUEL IN TANK BOILS. SPYDER CONSTANTLY SMELLS OF LEAKING FUEL WHILE RIDDING. FUEL DRIPS, MORE OFTEN THAN NOT, WHEN PARKED. BOTH DURING AND AFTER A RIDE. THE COMPLETE EMISSIONS SYSTEM WAS REPLACED(UNDER WARRANTY) AND ALL OF THE PREVIOUSLY MENTIONED PROBLEMS RETURNED WITHIN A HUNDRED MILES OR SO. ENGINE COMPARTMENT HEAT IS SO HIGH IT CAUSED PREMATURE DEGRADING OF FUEL LINES. WHICH RESULTED IN MULTIPLE FUEL LEAKS WHERE FUEL LINE CLAMPS ARE USED. NOTE: THESE LEAKS WERE ALL IN THE IMMEDIATE VICINITY OF EXHAUST HEADERS. WHEN RIDDEN IN HIGHER AMBIENT TEMPS THE ENGINE COMPARTMENT HEAT IS SO HIGH IT CAUSES BURNS TO YOUR THIGHS, WHEN WEARING PROPER RIDING APPAREL. *TR

Engine1 injured
Filed Oct 28, 20141,100 milesAZ

AFTER RIDING THE 2011 CAN AM SPYDER RTS/SE5 AND PARKING IT IN THE GARAGE, A STRONG FUEL SMELL ODOR LINGERS FOR APPROXIMATELY 3 HOURS BEFORE IT DISSIPATES. WHILE RIDING THE 2011 CAN AM SPYDER RTS/SE5 IN CITY OR HIGHWAY TRAFFIC, AN EXTREME HEAT CAN BE FELT FROM UNDER THE SEAT AREA. THE HEAT IS SO BAD THAT IT HAS LEFT FIRST DEGREE BURNS ON THE INNER THIGH AND KNEE AREAS. *TR

Engine1 injured
Filed Oct 28, 20141,100 milesAZ

1. AFTER RIDING THE 2011 CAN AM SPYDER RTS/SE5 AND PARKING IT IN THE GARAGE, A STRONG FUEL SMELL ODOR LINGERS FOR APPROXIMATELY 3 HOURS BEFORE IT DISSIPATES. 2. WHILE RIDING THE 2011 CAN AM SPYDER RTS/SE5 IN CITY OR HIGHWAY TRAFFIC, AN EXTREME HEAT CAN BE FELT FROM UNDER THE SEAT AREA. THE HEAT IS SO BAD THAT IT HAS LEFT FIRST DEGREE BURNS ON THE INNER THIGH AND KNEE AREAS. *TR

Structure › Body
Filed Sep 23, 201429,101 milesPA

THE WINDSHIELD IS MOUNTED ON THREE STRUTS -- THE MIDDLE ONE CONTROLS THE UP AND DOWN POSITION OF THE SHIELD AND HOLDS IT IN POSITION; THE OUTER TWO MOVE FREELY UP AND DOWN WITH NO RESTRAINT. THE CENTER STRUT BROKE CAUSING THE WINDSHIELD TO SUDDENLY FLY UP AND BACK AND THEN SETTLE IN AGAINST THE FRONT OF THE MOTORCYCLE. IN THAT POSITION, FULL WIND FORCE IS DIRECTED AGAINST THE RIDER AND PASSENGER. FURTHER, THE OUTER TWO STRUTS ARE FREE TO MOVE UP AND DOWN SO ANY PASSING TURBULENCE SUCH AS ANOTHER CAR OR TRUCK CAUSES THE WINDSHIELD TO LITERALLY FLAP IN THE BREEZE. I AM FILING THIS COMPLAINT ONLY NOW BECAUSE ON 09/20/2014 I OBSERVED THAT THE NEW REPLACEMENT STRUT WAS CRACKED OVER HALF-WAY THROUGH. THERE ARE APPROX 8475 MILES ON THE NEW REPLACEMENT STRUT (TOTAL MILEAGE ON VEHICLE 37575). I CONSIDER THIS A SAFETY ISSUE AS THE UNEXPECTED TOTAL FAILURE OF THE STRUT AND THE WINDSHIELD SUDDENLY FLYING UP AND BACK COULD EASILY CAUSE THE RIDER TO SWERVE OR REACT IN SOME WAY AND CAUSE AN ACCIDENT. IT IS APPARENT FROM MY HAVING TWO FAILURES THAT BRP (THE MANUFACTURER OF CAN AM MOTORCYCLES) HAS NOT IMPROVED THE DESIGN, MATERIAL OR MANUFACTURE OF THESE SIMPLE STRUTS. THIS CONCLUSION IS SUPPORTED BY THEIR NOT HAVING CHANGED THE PART NUMBER FOR THE 2011 AND 2012 MODEL YEARS NOR THE PART NUMBER OF THE REPLACEMENT PART FOR THOSE YEARS. THIS CONCLUSION IS FURTHER SUPPORTED BY THE EXPERIENCE OF OTHER RIDERS OF THIS MOTORCYCLE WHO HAVE REPORTED FAILURES ON THE INTERNET FORUMS, IN SOME CASES HAVING

Fuel/Propulsion System
Filed Aug 13, 201453,610 milesVA

WHEN PARKED AFTER USE GASOLINE FUMES ARE EMITTED STRONGLY. THE ODOR IS SUCH THAT I DO NOT PARK IT IN THE GARAGE UNTIL IT HAS STOOD OUTSIDE FOR 2 HOURS TO ALLOW THE ODOR TO DISSIPATE. I AM AFRAID OF IT CAUSING A FIRE AND THAT IT WOULD SPREAD TO THE HOUSE. THIS HAS BEEN AN ONGOING PROBLEM SINCE I PURCHASED THE MACHINE IN EARLY 2013. *TR

Structure › Body
Filed Aug 10, 2014500 milesAZ

AFTER PURCHASING OUR 2011 CAN-AM SPYDER RTS WE NOTICED THAT AFTER RIDING THAT THERE WAS A FUEL SMELL INSIDE THE GARAGE COMING FROM THE SPYDER. CAN-AM ISSUED A RECALL FOR FAULTY GAS CAPS VENTING GAS FUMES. WE RECEIVED THE NEW UPDATED GAS CAP BUT STILL HAVE FUEL SMELL AFTER RIDING WHILE THE SPYDER IS PARKED IN THE GARAGE. WHILE RIDING, THE HEAT COMING UP FROM THE BODY PANELS IS SO HOT THAT IT CAUSES 1ST DEGREE BURNS ON MY WIFE'S THIGHS AND CALVES. HAVE BROUGHT THIS UP TO 2 DIFFERENT DEALERS AND HAVE BEEN TOLD BY BOTH THAT, ITS NORMAL FOR THE SPYDER. *TR

Fuel/Propulsion SystemFire
Filed Jul 23, 2014WV

OFFICER WAS OPERATING VEHICLE ON A CITY STREET APPROACHING AND INTERSECTION. POSTED SPEED WAS 25 MPH AND OFFICER WAS DECELERATING AND FELT HEAT RISING FROM BENEATH THE VEHICLE. OFFICER OBSERVED FLAMES COMING FROM THE ENGINE AREA AND MOVED THE VEHICLE TO THE SIDE OF THE ROAD AND GOT OFF BEFORE BEING INJURED. WITHIN SECONDS THE VEHICLE WAS FULLY ENGULFED AND FLAMES CAUGHT A YARD AND TWO NEARBY TREES ON FIRE. THE FIRE DEPARTMENT DETERMINED CAUSE OF FIRE WAS FUEL RELATED. CITY MECHANIC EXAMINED THE REMAINS AND DETERMINED THE FUEL SYSTEM WAS THE SOURCE OF THE FIRE AND ALSO FOUND A RECALL ON THE VEHICLE AFTER CHECKING ONLINE. RECALL NOTICE WAS NOT RECEIVED BY CITY MAINTENANCE. VEHICLE WAS A TOTAL LOSS, INCLUDING ALL POLICE EQUIPMENT ON THE VEHICLE. *TR

Engine
Filed May 17, 20146,011 milesNY

VEHICLE OVER HEATS STOPPED IN TRAFFIC/ DASH CLUSTER SAYS LIMP HOME MODE BEEN IN DEALER SHIP SINCE 5/1/2014. *JS

Engine
Filed Oct 24, 201315,000 milesVA

THERE IS A STRONG SMELL COMING FROM UNDER SEAT. SMELLS LIKE BAD EGGS, TRYING TO PIN POINT SMELL, NO LUCK, NOT SURE IF ITS BURNING FUEL, DUE TO THE HEAT OF THE CAN AM ENGINE. *TR

Fuel System, Gasoline
Filed Sep 23, 2013AZ

2011 BRP SPYDER MOTORCYCLES. CONSUMER WRITES IN REGARDS TO GAS FUMES, LEAKS AND FIRES ON MOTORCYCLES. *SMD THE CONSUMER STATED HIS WIFE CAN'T PARK HER MOTORCYCLE IN THE GARAGE AFTER A TRIP OF ANY LENGTH.

Fuel/Propulsion System
Filed Jan 29, 2013800 milesFL

TL* THE CONTACT OWNS A 2011 CAN-AM SPYDER MOTORCYCLE. THE CONTACT STATED THAT WHILE PARKED, HE NOTICED FUEL LEAKING FROM THE FUEL CANISTER. THE VEHICLE WAS TAKEN TO THE DEALER FOR DIAGNOSTIC TESTING. THE TECHNICIAN STATED THE CANISTER WOULD HAVE TO BE REPLACED. THE VEHICLE WAS REPAIRED HOWEVER, THE FAILURE CONTINUED. THE FAILURE WAS NOT REPAIRED. THE APPROXIMATE FAILURE MILEAGE WAS 800.

Electrical System
Filed Jan 13, 20132,000 milesWA

THE TURN SIGNAL SWITCH, WHEN CANCELED, WILL JUMP TO THE OPPOSITE DIRECTION, FOR EXAMPLE, AFTER CHANGING LANES ON THE FREEWAY, I TURN ON TO ENTER THE LEFT LANE AND AFTER MOVING INTO THE LANE I PUSH THE CANCEL ON THE SWITCH BUT IT WILL CHANGE TO A RIGHT HAND TURN SIGNAL. THE TURN SIGN INDICATOR LIGHTS ARE IMPOSSIBLE TO SEE IN CERTAIN LIGHT CONDITIONS SO THE SIGNAL REMAINS ON. THE SOFTWARE IS SUPPOSED TO TURN THE SIGNALS OFF AFTER SO LONG BUT THIS FUNCTION TAKES FAR TO LONG AND MAY NOT WORK AT ALL AT TIMES. AFTER EXITING THE FREEWAY I HAD SIGNALED RIGHT TO EXIT THE RAMP. AT THE STOP SIGN AT THE END OF THE RAMP I WAS PROCEEDING TO GO STRAIGHT AND FAILED TO NOTICE THAT MY LEFT HAND SIGNAL WAS NOT ON. A CAR THAT WAS TURNING INTO MY LANE THOUGHT I WAS TURNING LEFT AND PROCEEDED TO MAKE HIS RIGHT HAND TURN, I TOOK EVASIVE ACTION AND BOTH THE OTHER CAR AND I WOUND UP OFF THE ROAD. HE WAS FURIOUS AND THREATENED ME, I DENIED THAT I HAD PLANNED TO TURN WHEN I SEEN THAT MY LEFT SIGNAL WAS STILL FLASHING AS THE BIKE IDLED ON. THIS HAS BECOME A SERIOUS PROBLEM FOR ME ON MANY OCCASIONS, SUCH THAT I TRY TO CHECK MY SIGNAL AFTER EVERY USE. THE DEALER AND MANUFACTURER ARE AWARE BUT HAVE NO SOLUTION OTHER THAN TO REPLACE WITH A NEW BUT EXACTLY THE SAME SWITCH. SO MANY OTHER SPYDER OWNERS HAVE HAD THIS SWITCH REPLACED THAT IT IS COMMON KNOWLEDGE THAT THIS WILL NOT FIX THE PROBLEM. *TR

20 of 29 complaints, reproduced as filed.

Across model years

Worst on record: 2013
YearComplaintsRecallsFiresDeathsAssessment
20261100Routine
20250100Routine
20245110Routine
20231100Routine
20222100Routine
20216100Routine
20206200Routine
20196200Routine
201812200Routine
20177300Routine
20169101Fatalities reported
20154100Routine
201413010Routine
2013102240Routine
201241120Routine
2011 — this page29250Routine
201024400Routine
20091000Routine
20082000Routine

Compare every Spyder RT year →

Reading this record

No unusual pattern of severe incidents in the complaint record.

Complaint counts track how many cars were sold and how long they have been on the road as much as they track quality. A common model from 2013 has had a decade to accumulate reports; a rare one from last year has not. The signal worth weighing is in the severity columns, in whether the same component keeps appearing, and in whether the manufacturer eventually opened a recall for it.

Recall repairs are free for as long as the recall stands. Check whether a specific car still has open work at NHTSA's VIN lookup.

Most recent recall on file: Dec 12, 2012. Source: NHTSA Office of Defects Investigation.